HTML Guide

In HTML, the <button> element is used to create interactive buttons. The W3C HTML Validator message suggests that your <button> element might be missing certain attributes that are typically expected for accessibility or functionality.

Understanding the Required Attributes

1. type Attribute:

   • The type attribute specifies the behavior of the button. It can take one of the following values:
     • submit: Submits the form data to the server.
     • reset: Resets the form data to its initial values.
     • button: A generic button with no default behavior.
   • If omitted, the default value is submit when the button is within a form.

   <button type="button">Click me</button>

2. role and aria-checked Attributes:

   • These attributes are related to ARIA (Accessible Rich Internet Applications) roles and states, which enhance accessibility by providing semantic meaning to assistive technologies.
   • The role attribute defines the type of widget the button is supposed to represent, for example, role="switch" or role="checkbox".
   • If using role="checkbox" or role="switch", the aria-checked attribute indicates whether the button is checked (true), unchecked (false), or if its state is indeterminate (mixed).

   <!-- Example for a button acting as a checkbox -->
   <button type="button" role="checkbox" aria-checked="false">Toggle Option</button>

Recommendations

• Always define the type attribute to clearly specify the button’s intended behavior, especially within forms.
• If the button acts like a toggle control such as a checkbox or switch, include the appropriate role and use aria-checked to reflect its current state.
• Ensure alignment of ARIA attributes with the intended behavior and visual representation of the button for users, both with and without assistive technologies.

The W3C HTML Validator issue indicates that your <td> element is missing one or more accessibility attributes: either aria-checked or role. These attributes are normally necessary when the cell content needs to convey a specific role or state, such as a checkbox.

If your td element should not act as a checkbox, you should reconsider the design. Ensure that only semantic roles and attributes appropriate for the content and functionality are used. If the misuse is identified due to incorrect implementation, revisiting and clearing the incorrect attributes might be required.

There can only be one visible <main> element in a document. If more are needed (for example for switching between them with JavaScript), only one can be visible, the others should be hidden toggling the hidden attribute.

Example of 2 main elements, where only one is visible:

<main>
  <h1>Active main element</h1>
  <!-- content -->
</main>

<main hidden>
  <h1>Hidden main element</h1>
  <!-- content -->
</main>

The HTML <figure> element is used to encapsulate media content, such as an image or graphic, along with a descriptive <figcaption>. When a <figcaption> is present within a <figure>, it inherently provides the semantics of the <figure>, making it self-explanatory without needing an additional role attribute.

Explanation

• <figure> element: Represents self-contained content, potentially with an optional caption specified by a <figcaption> element. This is inherently recognized for its semantics as a figure with a caption.

• <figcaption> element: Provides a caption or description for the content of the <figure>. This helps in describing the media or content included in the <figure> element.

• role attribute: This attribute is used to define an explicit accessibility role for an element. However, in cases where the element’s native semantics are explicit and sufficient, such as a <figure> with a <figcaption>, adding a role attribute might override or conflict with the inherent meaning.

Solution

Remove the role attribute from the <figure> element when it contains a <figcaption>.

Example of Incorrect Code:

<figure role="figure">
  <img src="cat.jpg" alt="A cute cat">
  <figcaption>A cute cat looking at the camera.</figcaption>
</figure>

Corrected Code:

<figure>
  <img src="cat.jpg" alt="A cute cat">
  <figcaption>A cute cat looking at the camera.</figcaption>
</figure>

In the corrected example, the <figure> element does not have a role attribute, allowing it to maintain its inherent semantic value.

To fix the W3C HTML Validator issue stating that an element with a role="menuitem" must be contained in, or owned by, an element with role="menubar" or role="menu", you need to ensure that your menuitem elements are properly nested within a menubar or menu element. This is important for accessibility, as it helps assistive technologies understand the structure and relationship of the elements.

The menuitem role indicates the element is an option in a set of choices contained by a menu or menubar.

Here is a step-by-step guide to fixing this issue:

1. Using role="menubar"

If your menuitem elements are part of a horizontal menu (like a navigation bar), they should be nested within an element with role="menubar".

Example:

<nav role="menubar">
  <div role="menuitem">Home</div>
  <div role="menuitem">About</div>
  <div role="menuitem">Contact</div>
</nav>

2. Using role="menu"

If your menuitem elements are part of a submenu or a vertical menu, they should be contained within an element with role="menu".

Example:

<div role="menu">
  <div role="menuitem">Item 1</div>
  <div role="menuitem">Item 2</div>
  <div role="menuitem">Item 3</div>
</div>

Ensuring Proper Nesting

Ensure that all your menuitem elements are either directly or indirectly (via a child-parent relationship) contained within a menubar or menu element.

Complete Example with Nested Menus:

Here is a more complex example, including nested menus for a drop-down scenario.

Example:

<nav role="menubar">
  <div role="menuitem">Home</div>
  <div role="menuitem">
    About
    <div role="menu">
      <div role="menuitem">Team</div>
      <div role="menuitem">History</div>
    </div>
  </div>
  <div role="menuitem">Contact</div>
</nav>

In this example, the main navigation (menubar) contains menuitem elements, and one of those menuitem elements contains a nested menu with additional menuitem elements inside it.

By ensuring your menuitem elements are contained within appropriate parent elements (menubar or menu), you will resolve the W3C HTML Validator issue and improve your web page’s accessibility.

Elements with the role tab must either be a child of an element with the tablist role, or have their id part of the aria-owns property of a tablist.

An element with the tab role controls the visibility of an associated element with the tabpanel role. The common user experience pattern is a group of visual tabs above, or to the side of, a content area, and selecting a different tab changes the content and makes the selected tab more prominent than the other tabs.

Example:

<div class="tabs">
  <div role="tablist" aria-label="Sample Tabs">
    <button role="tab" aria-selected="true" aria-controls="panel-1" id="tab-1" tabindex="0">
          First Tab
    </button>
    <button role="tab" aria-selected="false" aria-controls="panel-2" id="tab-2" tabindex="-1">
          Second Tab
     </button>
  </div>
  <div id="panel-1" role="tabpanel" tabindex="0" aria-labelledby="tab-1">
    <p>Content for the first panel</p>
  </div>
  <div id="panel-2" role="tabpanel" tabindex="0" aria-labelledby="tab-2" hidden>
    <p>Content for the second panel</p>
  </div>
</div>

A button element, or an element with the role=button attribute, is not allowed to be nested inside an <a> element.

When an img element has an empty alt attribute, its role is implicitly decorative, so it must not specify a role attribute.

The alert role can be used to tell the user an element has been dynamically updated. Screen readers will instantly start reading out the updated content when the role is added. The element <ul> doesn’t accept this kind of role, consider using other element like <p> or <div>.

The alert role is used to communicate an important and usually time-sensitive message to the user. When this role is added to an element, the browser will send out an accessible alert event to assistive technology products which can then notify the user about it. The alert role is most useful for information that requires the user’s immediate attention.

Using role="article" on a <section> element is invalid because article is not a permitted value for the role attribute.

The role attribute in HTML is used to define ARIA roles that describe the purpose of an element for assistive technologies. Only specific, predefined ARIA roles are valid per the WAI-ARIA specification. article is not a recognized ARIA role—use document or other appropriate roles instead, or omit the role attribute entirely. The <article> and <section> elements already have implicit roles, so manual role assignment is rarely necessary or useful for these elements.

Valid uses:

• Use <article> without a role attribute for content that is self-contained and intended to be independently distributable or reusable.
• Use <section> for grouping related content and omit the role attribute unless a specific ARIA landmark role is needed (such as region).

Example: use <article> for standalone content

<article>
  <h2>News headline</h2>
  <p>News content goes here.</p>
</article>

Example: use <section> without a role attribute for generic grouping

<section>
  <h2>Introduction</h2>
  <p>Section content.</p>
</section>